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News
A landmark BMJ study found that at least 24.5% of former NFL players who died between 2016 and 2021 had chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) — and the true number is likely much higher. Of 338 brain donors, a striking 93.2% had CTE. Experts say cumulative head impact exposure is the key risk factor, and reducing unnecessary contact — especially in practice — is the most effective prevention strategy.
A major new study published in The BMJ examined 1,712 former NFL players who died between 2008 and 2021 and found that at least 24.5% — and potentially as many as 97.7% — had chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) at death. Of the 338 players who donated their brains for research, 93.2% were diagnosed with CTE, compared to a CTE prevalence of less than 1% in the general population. Researchers note the wide range reflects uncertainty about how representative brain donors are of the broader player population.
Experts emphasize that this was a historical study — most players studied competed in the 1960s and 70s — and cannot directly predict CTE rates among today's athletes. Advances in equipment, rules, and concussion management have meaningfully reduced head impact exposure. For example, one research team observed a 79% drop in head impacts per player per session among youth football players between 2012 and 2019.
By the Numbers:
Why it matters: CTE can only be diagnosed after death, and there's no cure — making prevention the only real strategy. Clinicians, coaches, and parents should focus on limiting unnecessary contact in practice, improving tackling technique, and promoting overall brain health to protect current and future players.
